1. Investigate and explain how different genres have developed for contrasting media products.

Advances in technology.
Coronation street from the beginning

Coronation Street first aired on the 9th December 1960 and was created by tony warren. At first it wasn't thought to be aired for very long, only 13 episodes but it was such a success that it carried on. It was thought to be successful thanks to its ordinary characters. September 17th November 2010 it became TV's longest running soap opera currently still in production.

A year later coronation street was the favourite show broadcasted in the UK. Early 1961 a survey was done and TAM (Television Audience Measurement) showed that over 15 million people were tuning in to watch coronation street. By 1964 this then blew up to over 20 million. Moving onto the 1970's characters started to change, this was due to deaths and storylines changing. To make storylines interesting soaps constantly have to change the characters, killing them off and leaving. This then however made a dip in the audience but it then regained audience interest over time.

We can see just the extent of how much better coronation has improved by looking at the stunt of a tram crash on their 50th anniversary. I have entered a hyperlink of the behind the scenes of the tram crash to help show how they pulled the show off. When doing this episode they used very fast equipment which helped them organise the live show. Below this text is a short clip of the live 50th episode of Coronation Street. The reason i included this is to show the extent of technology changes. It was done completely live, which is impressive considering all the camera angles which need to be concidered.

Film set

Between 1960 - 1968 it was filmed and aired in a studio which consists of paper walls, furniture and props. In 1968 they started to build a location street. This made the whole set look more realistic and helped to fit in with the story lines. Then in 1970's the backyards were added to the back of all the houses. By 1982 all the film set was complete and was opened by Queen Elizabeth. Following this in 1989 the whole street was updated with new factories, two shops, more town houses in the south of the street and a new cafe. It was like this until 2008 when they began to build luxury flats. This whole set in built in Manchester. The photograph above is of a birds eye view of the film set. The photograph below demonstrates a birds eye view of the coronation street set. You can clearly see how the set just end along the top set of houses. In fact the houses at the back aren't even fully built houses.

As the equipment got better so did the shots, and the shot movements. The movements of shots are now a lot smoother now, this is because they have tracks to run along instead of being handheld. Furthermore they also now use cranes for over head shots, these types of shots help us to identify characters and their importance to the scene.

Broadcasting and High Definition

When the soap began it was in black and white until the 29th October 1969. On this date the first ever colour episode was aired. However not everyone has tellies that allow colour and so some people still watched it in black and white until they upgraded their televisions. From 1969 till 2002 it was aired in colour in an average size format however since then they have aired it in a wide screen format as it is better quality. After this things started to happen with HD.

For example this is a photograph of a broadcasting van. These are used to help transport expensive equipment from set to set. They are useful because soaps sometimes use sets outside of the street set to make it seem realistic. They are usually found on news channels as they are easily moveable.

Between November and December 1969 coronation street underwent lots of colour changes. Before the first colour transmitted episode on 17th November 1969 (ep 928) the film crew had to undergo many tests for colour of set and costumes. Onwards from 22nd of March 2010 Coronation Street began being produced in 1080/50i for transmission on HDTV platforms on ITV High definition. Following this on May 31st 2010 they aired their first ever HD episode. This means it was shown in High Definition which means a high quality image, better sound quality and pixels. To deal with HD the coronation street set had to update the majority of their equipment. This includes stuff like lighting, systems and cameras. Even though its been changed to High Definition it hasn't made any changes to the editing team. You can see the difference in the image just by viewing these two clips of opening titles.This is the titles used in 1960 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hMgyfwWBCk. And this is the modern HD opening titles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PD6wzQYOTz8

CGI (Computer-Generate Imagery) has improved a lot and so images are a lot clearer now. However it could be much more time consuming and so would cost more to produce.They had to make the titles traditional and they wanted to keep the general theme of the titles however they also needed to make it look new and fresh.The editors of the soap use an editing software called avid. An editor of corrie explains "We've always used Avid because their systems are so fast, solid and user friendly. With Coronation Street, there is no room for foul ups." On the left is a typical image from 1960 and on the right we have soaps filmed in HD used in today's society.

As print has developed the way it is being produced has also changed. This is due to the changes in technology we have gone through.

Kay advances in Print

Rolling Print Press

Rolling print press was the first type of printing press. It was invented by Richard March Hoe in 1843. It wasn't untill 1846 that it was perfected and worked to its full ability. It works by applying ink onto paper in long rolls. The paper is then fed out the machine and it is cut into smaller sheets. This means they can produce a large amount.
According to http://computer.howstuffworks.com/offset-printing4.htm a roll can weigh up to 1 ton.

As water and ink do not mix, water is applied to the roller first followed by the ink which allows for the newpaper to be printed by the roller. This is demonstrated by the image below.

I looked at this video on youtube to help me get a better understanding of how newpapers are made with modern technology.

Electronic papers
In this video above it shows electronic printing. It is a direct printing process which effectively costs a lot less than rolling press print. Not only this but it can be alot quicker.

Digital newpapers
In todays society we very rarely want to go out and buy a newspaper when we can view it digitally instead. Some newpapers you have to subscribe to but others they allow you to view the papers for free. By allowing people to see articles online they are effectively saving money. This is because they dont have to produce physical newspapers they only have to upload it onto the internet. However they may now need to hire people to work on the website keeping it up to date and modern. As the newspaper companies dont need to produce as many papers now it may lead to a loss in jobs. On the other hand they could be kept on a trained to work digitally if they wanted. Or the newspaper company could hire professionals to make sure the work is done to a high standard.

Key advances in print. on Prezi

 Audience needs and lifestlyes?

Since the internet has been around a lot has changed in the world of broadcasting. For example one thing that has changed is how we are able to watch shows, this is through things such as catch up websites. These include all broadcasters for example BBC iplayer, ITV player and 4OD. Furthermore other websites that help broadcast videos and programmes would be websites like Youtube. A catch up website works but streaming the uploaded video onto your computer, this doesn't mean downloading the video however this can be an option.

BBC iplayer was first started on 25th December 2007. It took a long time for people to get use to this new way of watching the television but soon took off. In 2007 not all shows were available due to copyright reasons however by 2010 they had an up to date way of watching television. Their tagline was "Catch up on the last 7 days of BBC TV & Radio". It was later changed to "Making the unmissable, unmissable". Then in February 2011, BBC iPlayer was again modified to include links to programmes on other television channels. BBC offer a download service called 'iPlayer 1.0' this was mainly due to the fact that it was easier to transfer bigger files. BBC control how long the programmes are available, they usually leave them on for seven days after they are broad casted live. Once a customer has then downloaded they have 30 days they can watch it. This encourages them to use the downloading software.

At the end of 2008 BBC introduced the app for computers, this automatically allows users to download/watch the programmes they want with only a few clicks. When this was such a hit they then moved it on to smart phones. Finally 29th May 2008 Virgin Media successfully joined with iPlayer to make an automatic on demand television guide. It was left for release on 1st June 2008, by the 21st July 2008 they had already attracted 10.5 million users on Virgin.

Itv player started out as on a website, the website streams the programmes using Microsoft silverlight unlike BBC and Channel 4 that use flash. However on September 15th 2009 ITV adopted Flash in order to play videos. This is because technology moved on so they need to keep up to date and keep their high quality image.  Later in 2009, November they revamped the website making it more visually appealing for their audience.

Programmes are available for up to 30 days after they are aired live, ITV originally called their service 'ITV Catch Up' but was then re branded as 'ITV Player' on 5 December 2008. Including web, virgin and sky on demand ITV have also developed apps for androids, playstations and smart phones. This is good for them as it helps them hit a wide range of audience as a lot of today's society relay on phones and other mobile technology.

Finally channel 4OD launched in November 2006, the 'OD' stands for On Demand.  It allows users to watch a majority of programmes from channels such as Channel 4, 4OD and E4. As long as the people using the website have Flash installed anyone that uses a Mac, Windows or Linux is able to use this service. This service also allows a programme to be watched up to 30 days after aired live on television. Like most catchup services it started online and then spread to virgin media, SKY, Talk Talk and BTvision.

Subtitles are available for certain 4oD content. This means they are expanding their audience range as they are making it appeal to more people. Furthermore another way they are expanding their audience range is by developing apps for smart phones and gaming consoles. The quality of image is described as 'DVD quality' as it is filmed and shown in H.264 MP4 format.

Other than catch up services the internet has a a big influence on audience needs and wants. Starting with advertisements, before internet came about only tv adverts, posters and a few other methods of advertising were available. But we now have more digital advertising than ever before. As technology have moved on so has digital photo and video editing making it more accessible to do weird and wonderful things that wouldn't necessarily happen in real life. Video advertising are used in catch up programmes just like they would on the television however you cannot skip them, forcing you to watch them the broadcasting channel can still make money through advertising.

For example i have inserted a video from youtube of a typical advertisement, this advert was done completely in real life. The paint explosions were not done by editing, however the cutting, music and the written words at the end had to be done on an editing software such as Avid. The reason i used this advert was because i particularly liked it as it has a lot of colour and emotion. Also it shows us a typical video advert that would be used on catch up or on the television. I think an advert like this would be attracted threw internet as word soon spreads now thanks to internet.

Moving on from advertising in the media another advantage of interneteastenders have introduced younger characters with their own story's to keep interest and potential audience interest.

I have entered a video from coronation street of a typical teenage storyline. This was a very good storyline keeping secrets, sexuality and age all in one. The actors talk about the making of the clip and how it all came together. This was one of the first videos that came up when searching for a short clip of their first kiss. I think this episode was written for teenagers who need something they can relate to in life and this is very reliable as all teenagers got threw not knowing their identity, sexuality and about first time experiences.

Using teenage characters is effective as it pulls in more audience, and it makes it more family orientated. On the other side of things other programmes such as E, gossip girl, 90210, one tree hill, make it or break it, vampire diaries and hollyoaks later all have a niche audience. These types of programmes are targeted at teenagers and young adults. They tackle everyday life struggles of teenagers with more added drama to keep them interested.

One main soap targeted for teenagers would be Hollyoaks later, the reason i find it interesting is because if you watch hollyoaks alone its just like a normal soap however if you're old enough to watch both hollyoaks and hollyoaks later then it all matches up with alot of added drama. In hollyoaks later there are things such as murders, sexual activities and more drama. The reasons it would appeal to a young audience is because it is majorily dramatic yet we can still relate to it even in the slightest bit.

Furthermore thanks to the internet these kinds of programmes might not have been developed. This is because teenagers generally had more of a life, going out with friends and socialising. Statistics show that teenagers spend around 31 hours a week online on average.  (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/4574792/Teenagers-spend-an-average-of-31-hours-online.html) When thinking about it we can see that it is a long time for young adults to be spending wasting their time. I think the more time we spend using technology the more attached and reallied we will become. So in creating these dramas teenagers can feel more comfortable with their lives and overcoming any struggles that may occur.

As well as teenagers finding peace and reassurance in soaps and programmes were also seeing referencing towards technology. For example its stereotypical for old people to be saying that we spend to much time on the phone or internet so here is a clip from Coronation Street that shows you exactly that stereotype. But is it a stereotype or do we spend to much time using technology?

Thanks to technology we now have social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Skype, Myspace and others. Twitter has seemed to nearly taken over the world of celebrities. This is because celebrities can easily let their 'Followers' know exactly what they're doing or thinking about and helps them interact with their fan. So the actors that play in soaps and programmes can easily talk with their fans in a safe and respectable way. However their are many fakes that will try to steal a celebrities identity but when looking at their profile they will have a 'verified' tick to show that its actually them. This works by them getting in contact with Twitter and verifying its them, this is to make them and their fans feel safe. As well as this the broadcasting channels may also put email addresses up for fans to email in and ask questions to actors.

This has changed the way we see celebrity world as the things they write and say is completely normal. Some celebrities may even use it to help their fan base. For example i know from watching his film that the secret to Justin Biebers success was twitter, which thanks to the Internet. In fact the reasons celebrities are now such role models is all thanks to the Internet and making them be able to reach out to their fans.

The power of Twitter and Social networking.

Furthermore there is a wider range of cultures because our society is becoming more open and multicultural this needs to be shown in our soaps too. If the soaps and programmes were to remain a typical white English society then that would count as racism and our country is moving on so should the things we watch and the way were influenced. We live in a more well moralled society which allows us to respect anyone of any shape, size or colour.

I think that soaps have become disorientated because of the storylines put it, it seems as if they are constantly putting in drama when in 'reality' we don't have that much drama. When writing story lines the writers have to do a lot of research to make sure that they get it realistic but also they need a balance of drama in there as well. This must prove difficult as if you're dealing with a delicate subject such as kidnapping then its a very touchy subject for the audience to watch. For example it all went wrong for eastenders actor Samantha Womack when she played a mother who kidnapped a new born baby as hers died of cot death. It was such a delicate subject that Samantha herself found that when she went out in reality people hated her for the character she played. This was a really negative thing for Samantha because it was in fact the writers who put her in that situation. This website shows the amount of complaints about these episodes. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14363208)
This shows us that alot of planning and research has to go into every storyline to make it realistic yet watchable.

For example in this video clip is the moment that Ronnie discovers her baby James is dead and swaps it for Kat's baby Tommie. The reason I've looked at this is because it was such a tragic storyline and it was all over the news. When watching this i noticed that it is very quite up until shes outside surrounded by screaming people. When she wraps the blanket around James and discovers es he's dead she carries on talking to him as if he can hear her. This is one of the first things that made us 'the audience' feel like she was going mad. All of this connotes her being all alone, fighting by herself. When she goes outside she is followed by a handheld camera, this shows her being scared and realism. As the fireworks that go off it show tells us that an explosion is about to happen, and then the background noise fades out and we hear the cry of the baby from upstairs in the busy pub. We also see a shot of the window which builds up the suspension. Ronnie is all alone and she steals baby Tommie. The countdown hits 12 o'clock and she whispers to Tommie 'Thats my boy'.

All of this would have been planned into very high detail so that the editors can make it into a dramatic, realistic piece of film.

Finally the internet allows us to spoil soaps, find out whats happening next. This is just by searching it up. When typing in 'spoilers' in Google this is the first website that appeared. (http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/spoilers/) If you go on this website you can find out any storyline to any soap. This is a bad thing as it means people are becoming more impatient and cant wait till the next episode starts.

Printing press

An audience has lots of different needs and wants from a newspaper. For example they may need to know whats happening with a war or other major news around the world but a want might be wanting to hear about a certain celebrity. There are many ways people can access the news for example blogs/video/audio news/physical newspapers and internet.

Hard news and soft news are wanted from different types of people. This means that every newspaper has its own target audience. Some may be niche and some may be mass. For example an example of mass market might be The Sun and a niche market newspaper could be a local newspaper.

There used to be many national/local newspapers from companies such as The Guradian. However in modern times we have a wide range of papers mainly niche with a few mass market newspaper still alive. This is because many people right blogs and are on social networking so news get around very famous by using this method of word of mouth. The interenet is available to people all over the globe and so for us to be able to instantly message someone is a very fast and reliable source of informing. We don't have to wait to go and get/recieve a newspaper.


These two images down the side of the page show what The Sun now offer news on. Everything from sports to sex. The reason they now do this much varity is to hit their mass audience and get as many readers as they can. In hope that they will want to read more when on their page. Spending more time on their website will increase their website use which will effectively mean more money from advertising.






Public ownership channel means it is owned by the people. (BBC television would be an example of this)

Private ownership means they own many titles (Virgin)

Independent ownership means they only own the one (Corner Shop)

Trinity Mirror is the owner of the Daily Mirror. It is a PLC (Public Limited Company) and is an international company. This is because they also own a paper in Australia. It is available online and so this would make it multinational. It is free to all customers and they fund it through advertising.

The News corporation company own The Times. It is a private ownership by Rupert Murdock. It is an international paper and they own another newspaper in India. To see the paper online there is a £2 a week fee this also includes the Sunday paper.

London Evening Standard is owned by Alexander Lebedev, Evgeny Lebedev (74.1%), Daily Mail and General Trust (24.9%) occording to wikipedia. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard). This would make it a partnership private ownership.

The contents of the paper can be found on the Internet and is free to view. As it is available on the Internet it makes it multinational.

An individual or a company would want to own a newspaper for the money purpose or so they could inform the world or country about current affairs. There are many other reasons why but the main would be for financial reasons.

Rupert Murdoch owns three newspapers The Times, The Sun and The Sunday Times.

Eastenders is created by Julia Smith and Tony Holland. It is funded by the public television licensing. Everyone who owns a TV in their household must pay £140 a year on average.

Phil Collins is the current producer for coronation street. Coronation Street is funded through advertising. This soap can be watched online and is usually broadcasted on a few channels abroad.

This is the sheet we filled out in class to help us define the differences between soaps and prints.

Cultural changes

1. How has Britain culture changes in the last quarter of a century? (Shafique)

How celebrities are portrayed in the Media whereas a few years ago The Royal Family were the celebrities. Now there are shows that make people celebrities such as big brother, x factor. For the example the monarchy’s ‘fame’ has been pushed to the side whereas they used to take up 4-10 pages in the newspaper. Also there has been a rise of culture groups such as race, homosexuality, race and origin. In the last 25 years there has also been a growing support for groups such as disabilities, gender, age, sexual orientation

Culture – the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.

2. If Britain is now multi cultured society how do we see this in soaps? (Rianna)

• Multicultural society in soaps are stereotypical. Soaps show different cultures in a stereotypical way. 
• In coronation street there are the Alahan family plus a few extra actors. They show Asian life in a stereotypical way as 'Dev' owns the corner shop.
In soaps sub-cultures are used which represent multicultural society. 

• In Eastenders there are the Masood, Johnsons and Khan families. These are representing asian/black culture.
• In soaps sub-cultures are used which represent multicultural society. 

Subcultures include;

1. Emo
2. Dark culture
3. Grunger
4. Hip-hop
5. Rave
6. Rude boy
7. Skater
8. ethnic
9. Sexuality
10. Political

This is a long list of subcultures. There are many more. Sometimes these are also seen as human stereotypes. In the video link below it shows a stereotypical 'chav' having a fight. Whitney stands up for herself which shows no sign of weakness. The stereotype 'chav' stands for council house aggressive and violent.

In this next video clip from Eastenders, Syed Masood admits that he is gay. This is a big conflict for the family. This is because they don’t believe as a culture that being homosexual is a right choice in life and they believe everything should happen in a certain way. The big argument is caused by this conflict. This is an example of cultures not agreeing with the same thing as so as a result of this syed doesn’t want to play by the rules of his culture as he didn’t choose this way of life.

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/watchdogs-accuse-soap-operas-of-failing-to-portray-britain-as-a-multicultural-society-739013.html
According to this report 'watchdog' feel that different cultures aren't well represented in soap operas anymore. They say "Soap operas such as Coronation Street and EastEnders are criticised in the report by the Broadcasting Standards Commission."

3. Do minority culture feel as represented in soaps as majority cultures? (Ruhee)

Television fails to reflect the multicultural nature of Britain, presenting ethnic minorities as two-dimensional characters, according to a report.

Point: 

• Yes i think minority culture are represented in soaps like Eastenders,coronation st. and hollyoaks as majority cultures.
• Like in radio , when con side the issue  of representing of minority ethnic groups on television, generally, most groups focused on primarily on their own community or  on related communities. 
• People who participate in all the minority ethnic groups interviewed considered their groups was under-represented, although 
• Participants in all the minority ethnic groups interviewed considered their group was under-represented, although the Black participants and those from the Indian sub-continent acknowledged that the levels of representation of their communities have increased over the last few years.
•  In fact, the latest snapshot of peak time television output, presented in Appendix 1, shows that there has been an increase in the proportion of programmes, including minority ethnic groups, as well as an increase in the numbers of people portrayed. 
• However, the analysis also shows that this increase was, certainly in 2001, almost totally confined to roles played by Black characters.

4. What impact has the development of other sub-culture (youth culture) had on british soap operas? (Ruhee)

Statistics show 7.8% of the population but get only 6.6% of soap parts and 7.5% of factual roles, the Cultural Diversity Network poll found

• It shows many storyline with many issues about different religion
• It found that 18.8% of people on sports programmes were from ethnic minorities, with 12.7% in light entertainment roles
• Statistics shows 7.8% of the population but get only 6.6% of soap parts and 7.5% of factual roles, the Cultural Diversity Network poll found
• It gives a wider story to write about

5.What other culture changes have also had an impact on British soap operas? (Rianna)

As Britain has become more multicultural the soaps have also had to adapt to this to make the soap realistic. Being realistic is the main thing a soap needs to achieve in order for it to hit its target audience.

According to(http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/uk/black_and_asians_in_britain/newsid_1999000/1999884.stm)

• "Over two-thirds of independently-owned local shops belong to people whose families are from another country.
• About 23% of Britain's doctors and 24% of restaurant employees were born in other countries.
• Curries and Chinese takeaways are as popular as fish and chips.
• Sol Campbell, Nasser Hussain and Audley Harrison rank among Britain's best sports stars."

When looking at (http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/multiculture.html) i found out how our country became a multicultural society. According to their report it was thanks to the Romans, Saxons, vikings and Normans invading Britain. They then go on to explain how Africans were brought to Britain so that they can become slaves or servants.

This is the ratio of immigrants coming into Britain in 1992. We can clearly see that Britain is slowly becoming a wider multicultural society. Each bar represents a different culture or country.

This is the rising amount of immagrants in 2008. By looking at these two statistics we can see the reason why soaps would have to adapt to their audience. There is a considerable amount more cultures mixing into the British culture. I received these charts off the Guardian website.(http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jun/26/non-eu-immigration-uk-statistics)

England used to be a very patriotic and proud country, it was all about our queen and royals. However in recent days its more about our celebrities, buildings and technology. We can see this by looking at our news and what our headlines are all about. These two newspapers old and new help show what our society has come to and how it has changed. Our society used to love being proud of our country however now we don't even know our neighbours names.
The one on the left is all about the president and the one on the right is about a programme out called 'The X factor'. It contains different celebrities competing in order to win over the public vote for a new band/singer.

This also links in with Changes in style & content. (see further down page)

These are the three newspapers we were comparing in terms of style and cultures. The Sun, Metro and The Times. The times and The sun are newspapers that you have to pay for however The Metro is free of charge.

The Times.

The times is a very modern and highly educational newspaper. The paper itself looks very formal and has a lot of information in it. We can see this because of the large amount of writing in comparison to the pictures. The photo of the young boy is larger than the photo of the french president. This suggests that the boy who saved him brothers life is more significant than the president or that more people would rather read about the boy.

The paper looks elegant with the emblem. The emblem shows hints of royalty, class and English culture. However in contrast to this the front page article was taken place in Australia. This shows that it is a multi cultured newspaper. Looking at the stories that they show and the way they are represented it makes it look formal and as if its targeted at upper/business class people. These could be either male or female and are around 30-40. This is just a guess by looking at the papers format.

The priminister has bad body language, as if he is asking for Britain's help because he needs it and he doesn't necessarily want it. He doesn't look happy about the situation and is negatively asking for our help. Furthermore moving onto the image of the boy he has a higher importance over the priminister as his photo is larger but also this is braking the stereotype of a youth. Society's negative stereotype of teenagers is causing more trouble in our country because they feel they need to live up to expectations and as a whole our society doesn't care about them. However in this article we can see the habit being broken and a positive article is revealed.

On the front cover of The Times they have a wide bright banner of advertisement. The advert reads eat out for £5 or more. This would be because they sell to majority of business working citizens which means they would need somewhere reasonably cheap to go during their lunch hour. There are much cheaper places to eat but £5 to a rich business man would be considered as cheap.

The Sun

The sun newspaper is informal we can see this straight away from the title. Its bold and is considered as slang. As this particular paper is an 1992 then we have to allow for bad quality and old English language. On this newspaper there isn't a lot of writing as the title takes up the majority of the space.

The paper doesn't look very professional as it looks rather messy with large gaps in between the words. As the paper isn't very well written and uses a lot of slang it looks as if it is aimed towards the working class, or more common people of the country. This is because it is cheap and includes articles on celebrities and other soft news. They occasionally have news in the front page if its important but they don't usually cover news very well and are known to get stuff wrong in the past. This would be because they don't put much effort into research as all they want is to produce a decent story to grab readers attention.

One other main thing they do to grab attention of males in the page 3. Using beautiful woman and doing glamour shoots of them in their underwear or naked. However it isn't so bad as they do it in a respectable way which means its still family friendly.

The Metro

The metro is free and so it is appealing to everyone. You can find it on public transport such as train stations and buses. This is because it is free and so to reach a wide audience they need spread it so lots of people read it. The metro make all their money off of advertising. Company's pay for their product of service to be advertise as a small poster or part of a page for a certain amount of money.

The paper its self looks quite cheap as its small. It is all very cramped and it contains both soft and hard news which would make it appealing to everyone. This paper doesn't have any gutters.

In the photo of Madonna and her children can be taken either way. This is because it looks positive because they are spending time with their adopted children and the child is waving. However it could also be seen as him trying to hide himself from the paparazzi and that is why his hand is slightly raised. Another point is that it could be staged as if she wanted to be seen with her children. Her dark glasses would suggest this as its as if she is ready to be seen by the paparazzi.

Multinationalism
researched mainly done in groups and then edited in our own words.

In my group i work with Senay and Becky.

Multinational: 'Including or involving several countries or individuals of several nationalities.'

How many countries is Eastenders shown in?

Eastenders used to be shown in eight different countries being England, Africa, Ireland, USA, Holland, Switzerland, India and Canada but now its shown in seven countries as its no longer shown in America. As a group we didn't really expect Eastenders to be broadcasted in Africa and India, as they don’t necessarily have a great English culture. We also didn’t expect it to be shown in so many countries as we didn't think it would be as popular in that many countries. We also feel that Eastenders is shown to a wide variety of different cultures which was unexpected.

Why do you think its shown in other countries?

We think its shown in other countries to make it more popular and to take in more profits for the soap which will be beneficial to the soap its self. This profit can go towards actors, equipment, advertising and overall quality. Also they want to grow a wider fan base for the soap as it will add to their viewings. Furthermore other countries can watch and relate to our culture and how their cultures are shown within the soap. It also has to succeed the audience needs by identifying and representing not only the British culture but other ethnic cultures and countries.

Eastenders represents a wide range of different ages, cultures and genders. Eastenders do this to fill the needs and to make it relatable to everyone. Another way we can find out its demand it by going on (http://eastenders.meetup.com/). This website demonstrates ‘Eastenders meet-up groups’ which is a way fans ‘socialize’ and gossip about the ‘goings on’ in the soaps. Audiences watch Eastenders for entertainment and to also make the soap stories and plots relatable to the viewers, which make the loyal and daily viewers to the soap. Another reason why people watch the soap is not only for entertainment sake but for socializing, for example it helps people relate TV dramas to their own lives allowing them not to feel alone.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders

BBC1 attract between 35% and 40% of audience viewings on the telly at that time in the evening. Following this Eastenders on BBC three at 10pm attracts 500,000 viewers on average. Finally the Eastenders omnibus on Sunday afternoon attracts 3 million viewers. On the first episode they attracted 17 million viewers.

How is Eastenders watched by people outside of the UK?

People that live outside the UK but still in Europe can still watch Eastenders on Sky. There is always the possibility of streaming it online. However BBC iPlayer doesn't work outside the UK and if your not located within the United Kingdom you cant gain access of the soaps. However one website that does allow you to view it online is http://powerflv.com/?cat=Shows&subcat=Eastenders%2B%2528British%2BSoap%2529. Or you can join up onto this website for £5 a month to give you unlimited access to all British TV http://www.my-expat-network.co.uk/?gclid=CL-Nye7y8q0CFcxofAodpHXkrg.

Technology is a big part in helping people abroad watch eastenders. This is because there is only one channel that will show it and even that is aired a few months after it is in England. The Internet gives us loads of different ways of streaming programmes and soaps like eastenders for example BBC iPlayer, Youtube and many more.

How is Britain represented by Eastenders?

First of all i feel that because Eastenders is a dramatic soap that people from other countries and cultures might think that this stuff happens on a day to day basis. Also if these countries were to hear some negative things about us on the news for example murders and other bad crimes then they might think that this truly is British culture. Eastenders is 'typical' British culture and so other countries will view how open and multicultural we are as a country. There are still negative feelings towards racism but on a whole our country is a very opened cultured.

For example in Eastenders we view cultures such as British, Asian and other sub-cultures. This represents our country as this is reality for us. However in our country the ratio of cultures isn't quite shown correctly in this soap. This is because there are only two Asian familys closely linked in Eastenders when in reality the ratio is greater than what is made out. This is misleading for people to watch. The picture above shows two typical sub-cultures in an argument. It also helps represents the amount of drama they have to put into a soap to make them interesting. This video shows statistics of cultures, unemployment and racism in a certain area of Britain collecting peoples thoughts. This area is Croydon (South London). This then leads onto 'My Tram Experience'.

A sub-culture is the cultural values and behavioral patterns distinctive of a particular group in a society. It is a culture that has been broken down into even more cultures. These include..

1. Emo
2. Dark culture
3. Grunger
4. Hip-hop
5. Rave
6. Rude boy
7. Skater
8. Ethnic
9. Sexuality
10. Political

This video clip is of an Asian family doing a typical Asian culture thing. There is clearly a culture barrier that Antony is trying to overcome but no matter how hard he trys.

Britain means many different things to different people, when asking around i found it interesting to hear what people had to say. Some things they said were things like tea, British flag, fish and chips, carvery, politics and even bad weather. Not all these things are represented in soaps and so it makes us feel as if we aren't being represented correctly and to reality.

For example if i were to live outside of the UK and had to learn everything about our culture threw watching eastenders then i would be lead to believe we were dramatic, open minded people who all have a different way of life. We are all different. This is because Eastenders have to make the soap dramatic to keep its viewings however still realistically believable at the same time. This is relatively difficult for the script team as they have to go and do alot of research behind on the matter.

In real life their is alot of controversy on racism in Britain. Not all British citizens have the same feeling however some are a lot more negative than others. In the news there has been a lot of arguments over a video that was uploaded to youtube titled 'My tram experience'. It was of a 34 year old woman arguing with other citizens on a tram about who is and isn't British. This video reached over 7 million views within the first few days of uploading. The video caused so much controversy that in the end youtube had to take it down. However many people made copies of this video and so is still able to see on youtube. This is the original video *Explicit content*

After this video was realised so were many 'reaction' videos from people all over the world. Following this the news picked up on it and there were many articles written on the matter which finally lead to the woman being arrested. These are a couple of news articles written on this particular video.

http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/11/30/mum-arrested-over-my-tram-experience-youtube-video-locked-up-for-own-protection-115875-23598452/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15923875

One major problem this caused were people believing they could be racist and do whatever they want for the attention or even to get there point across however this isn't acceptable in a society like ours. People are beginning to blame immigrants for the way in which our society and country is in today.

If other cultures were to witness or view us acting in this way then they would have a very negative feeling towards us. When in fact not all of us are like this, the minority are over ruling the majority in this case.

Multinationalism in print. on Prezi

Economic Reasons

This is our video, Becky was featured talking whilst me and Shenay filmed.

Furthermore i answered the following questions whilst the others decided what parts we should talk about in the video. This worked well as we were all signed jobs to do. We filmed with the snow background to make ours interesting and to stand out. Furthermore Becky looks important as the background is white and bright we can focus more on her and what she is saying.

Task 2

‘A source said: ‘To keep within budget we’ve been working to an average of 16 actors per show. It’s a bid to save costs.’

The edict is a consequence of budget cuts imposed by BBC director-general Mark Thompson across a wide range of programmes since the last license fee settlement. 

In March, Mr Thompson warned staff he had to make a further £400million of cuts over three years to balance the Corporation’s books. 

The savings, including a freeze on executive pay and reduced fees for the biggest stars, followed 7,200 job cuts over the previous four-and-a-half years. The annual budget for EastEnders remains a closely guarded secret.’

In an article from the Daily Mail i found out that Eastenders works with an average of 16 characters per episode to keep costs down. Furthermore in order to cut down costs they cut the staff’s wages including the biggest stars of the show. Over four and a half years they made 7,200 job cuts. They were asked to let the public know all of their costs going in and out but Eastenders remained to keep this information safe. Although they had to hire a lawyer in order to do this which took them out of £200,000.

Task 3

‘The BBC spent £102.5m last year on six TV soaps – including EastEnders, Casualty, Holby City and Doctors – a 20% drop overall in real terms in the past eight years.’

In an article from the guardian i found out that the BBC had spent about £102.5m on creating six different soaps this includes Eastenders, Holby city, Casualty and more. In eight years they have made their costs reduce by 20%.

Task 4

‘The BBC spent almost £700,000 on its anniversary half-hour live episode of EastEnders last year, a new report has revealed.

Corporation bosses earmarked an extra half a million pounds - over and above normal costs - to fund the 25th anniversary programme.

The figures are revealed in a report by the National Audit Office (NAO) into the way the BBC manages the costs of continuing drama, which also shows the Walford soap will spend nearly £7 million on cast this year.

It found the cost of six key dramas, including EastEnders and Casualty, has reduced by a fifth in real terms over the past eight years.’

On Independent online i found an article about economic factors. It said Eastenders did a live episode last year to celebrate their 25th anniversary. In order to do this they had to spend out £700,000 and £500,000 of that had to come in from corporation fundings. Over the past eight years their costs have decreased by a fifth or 20%.

Task 5

‘ It looks like the recession is hitting ITV as The Sun reports today that Coronation Street cast are getting a pay cut.

The Sun says the Corrie cast received letters just before Christmas saying the Saturday soap omnibus would be moved from ITV1 to ITV2 as of this weekend.  

Corrie cast members are currently paid a repeat fee, which is 37.5 per cent of their episode pay, for appearances in the omnibus. But with the show moving to digital channel, actors would be forced to share a small royalty fee instead. 

Last night the cast members and representatives from their union Equity held talks with ITV accountants. 

Coronation Street spokeswoman Alison Sinclair confirmed discussions had begun. She told TV Biz: "We are in the process of talking to cast members whose pay may be affected by the ending of the omnibus repeat on ITV1. We expect to come to an arrangement in the next few weeks. In the meantime we have confirmed that we will continue with repeat fee payments." ’ 

According to the sun ITV cast members of coronation street will be getting a pay cut. Coronation street omnibus is moving from ITV1 to ITV2 this could have been because of popularity problems causing them to move the show over. However on ITV2 coronation street may not make as much money which would cause cuts in their spending. They exclaim to be talking to cast members that could be effected by the cuts. 

The reason they need to make the cuts could be because of the popularity of the show decreasing, not enough news/media coverage or they are spending too much on costs. By spending out too much money they would slowly reduce the amount they have to work with compared to their income from advertising. The more audience watches they have the more they will make however its an on going loop. The less interested people get the less money they will make.

Economic Development In Print. on Prezi

Changes in style and content

There are many significant differences in the newspapers. I started by looking at the colours used in both of the newspapers. In the old newspaper they only use black, white and red. In the new newspaper they use a range of colours in order to catch the audience eye and attract new customers.

I then began to look at the difference in layout. They still both have large titles. Sub titles near the bottom to entice readers to choose their product over another. They both contain photos, in 1980's they show the president and in 2012 they show celebrities and their personal life's. It can be argued that the president can be considered a celebrity as he is famous and everyone talks about him.

On the front of the old paper they actually include an article but in modern times its all about advertising and getting people to pick up your newspaper over the other competitors out there. Another way they get people to buy their newspaper is by offering free gifts as the public respond to things like this.
We can see how it has become more acceptable to swear and curse in modern days, on the front of the old newspaper they both look rather elegant holding each others hands. Whereas comparing it to today's paper we can see a man swearing at a camera. We see celebrities as people to live up to but are they real role-models or should we treat them like ordinary people in the public eye?

In the 2012 newspaper we can see that the domain is photographs and colour whereas in the old days they used mainly text. However as technology has improved we have printed more photos and images, we believe a photo says a thousand words so the newspapers has responded to this by giving us both, this means we can not only read what they think and the factual side of the stories but we can create our own opinions. They have also majorly changed the fonts used as we have become more developed. Newspapers will want to be seen as modern and up to date so people trust what they are reading. They will also sub-coniciously believe that the storys are as up to date as possible. By keeping them up to date it is also keeping them interesting increasing sales and customers.

Not only the style has changed the content has also changed. This is because in olden days it used to all be about the royal family, current affairs and natural distasters around the world. However as time as moved on people have become more obsessed with the celebrity lifestyle, owning loads of cars, houses, having lots of money and fans. Not only this but since the Internet and social networking it has become increasingly easier to become famous and well known. The more people know about you the more they want to know. So not only has society changed but the newspapers have also had to adapt to this change by making their storys and articles available online. Some papers make them free but some ask you to subscribe so that you are able to read them.

Since society changed we have seen an increase in magazine, these are potential competitors for newspapers so they have had to follow their lead in including celebrity stories as well as hard news stories. However in magazines you can also read about real-life stories, this means hearing someones story. You can also find out about current fashion. The fashion industry is a large industry that makes a lot of money so people naturally want to be and feel involved in this.

http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/4390543/Kim-Kardashians-mum-defends-putting-her-on-birth-control-at-14.html
This is a screenshot of a recent article online about a famous 31 year old woman Kim Kardashian. The article talks about Kris Jenner putting her daughter on the pill at the age of 14-15years old. She tells the writer why she did it in order for the public to understand.As we can see from this article people aren't ashamed to talk about sex in the open and it's considered a normal thing to do however in the 50's no-one would speak about sex in public as it wasn't the thing to do back then.

Kim Kardashian is famous for 'nothing' and no-one really understands why she in considered a celebrity. She is a normal girl from LA who went out with a couple of famous singers/rappers and basketball players. She started her own reality TV show which eventually drove her family to stardom. Not only this but she owns her own clothing range, done various modeling shoots and has her own perfume. Some people may say she doesn't deserve to be rich and famous however some people may disagree, it is only down to how you see her and her lifestyle.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6ycxBQ4jQE&feature=related Here is a link to one of the reality TV shows that was started by Kim Kardashians fame. In the first section Khloe starts immediately talking about the amount of drugs she see's in Miami. We then have the show titles where we see their store, them having fun and on the beach. In the opening scene at Khloe's radio show they immediately start talking about sex. This TV programme is shown after watershed on 'E'.

Its not just newspapers that have changed and developed over the years. Soaps have also gone through a dramatic change.
For example the following advertisement for Hollyoaks you can see the characters Riley and Mitzee acting famous. Mitzeee is famous for her modeling career and Riley is famous for being a footballer, they are both second cousins and so are expected to be hanging out however get caught up in the moment and get papped about to kiss. This type of celebrity lifestyle is expected from a soap and in the old days they wouldn't even consider putting someone famous in a soap. As these characters have been in the village a long time it doesn't effect the other characters as they have been friends since they became big. They have added in music to make it more dramatic increasing there views.

Not only this but as technology has improved so has the quality of image we receive. This is because there are now better cameras available, more tripods, better microphones and signal for our TV's. This means they can do better filming resulting in a better quality soap. Not only this but some soaps started so long ago that they began in black and white but are now in HD (high definition) an example of this would be Coronation Street.

This is an old clip from the 60's. Coronation Street had just started. I have included this so you can see the difference between then and now. They speak very fast and watching it i can barely understand what they are saying but this however is because i am used to today's society. As this was a long time ago and they only just started using film their awareness of shots and the effect of doing different things wasn't great they just shot what looked okay back then. They didn't know using a close up shot would make that character seem more important that other characters. It is in black and white however the black looks rather green. In them days this would be considered very modern and if you could afford to watch the TV you were privileged.

Furthermore we see an arugment in the street in this clip, this would be a massive instadance in the 60's but now in soaps it has become a convention and we expect to see in in mordern society. Not so much in real life but definatly in the world of soaps.

This clip shows modern coronation street in a 60's format. They changed it to black and white, over lapped scenes and added the first opening titles to it at the beginning. I have added this because it helps show how much it has changed by looking just at technology. They also made it look older by changing the quality to make it more realistic.
.

This clip is one from a similar time in 2011 when Leanne leaves the street. We can see a huge difference in quality, colour and story. In this story Leanne is leaving her partner because she found out he had an affair with another woman. In the olden days to find out that your living in the same house as someone your not married too was frowned apon and now its excpected. With young adults moving in with friends at uni and living with friends so its cheaper. It shows us just how much as changed since the 60's.

The way our British society has changed is a considerable amount. We used to be shown as a country that ruled, we were strict and everything works well but now we look like a country that's falling apart due to unwanted pregnancy's and bad behaviour. As time goes by our Britain seems to be getting worse, more crimes committed every year.

Representation in British soaps

(0:00 - 1:13)
In this extract we see women being represented. These women are old/middle aged and working class. The extract shows two women in a conflict over anothers husband. The issue here is that the woman on the left doesn't believe that the other is married but are however living together. In the 1960's this would be a major issue where as in the modern days there are always people moving in together that have not been married. In today's society this would be seen as sexiest because the women in the scene seem to be talking fast and are nattering. This is a stereotype that men have for women and so i believe this scene is seen from a mans point of view.

(0:00 - 2:05)
In this episode of coronation street the conflict is women and men and who has a higher importance. The daughter of the couple cant understand why her mother does everything for her father and believes he should do more for himself. This is shown by her saying the marmalade approximately 8 inches from his nose all he needs to do is stick out his hand. This is showing she believes he is lazy and its unfair that because she is the wife he can boss her around and shes okay about it.

(0:00 - 4:02)
In the first story line we have a conflict over rape and trust. We can tell that times have moved on as in the 60's we wouldn't have ever come across anyone talking about sex especially rape as it was a taboo subject. We also see a bit of flirting in the opening between mike and sally, this shows that today people use subconscious messages like these to get what they want in life. In this situation she wants to get her self the contract in order to do better at her job. The whole room goes quiet when she walks in as everyone knows about the problems they are facing. However she is annoyed to find out that her old friends and colleges have turned their backs on her and they believe frank over herself. Rape is such an important subject and so when everyone see's Frank being accused of the action they all want to comfort him as they believe that he is telling the truth and she wants attention. Almost as if being accused of rape is more important than actually being raped.

The next story is of homosexuality and honesty. The dad Dev finds out that his daughter Amber, who he believes is straight, kissed another girl. She is distraught that her dad knows and trys to convince him that it was just a joke and Sophie took it too far. However the divide is already big until her stepmother Sineta reveals that she knew about the kiss. Being Asian her father is against homosexuals and he cant believe she would embarrass him in such a way. The stepmother on the other hand is relaxed and is there to look out for Amber. Sineta cant stand that she is being blamed for this as she didn't tell Dev and walks out. This shows she is insecure about what happened and doesn't want to talk about the matter.

(0:00 - 3:44)
In this soap extract we see three types of homosexuals. Two of which are stereotypes. First off we see a conversation between Rosie, Jason and Elieen. The couple are complaining about all the noise that Elieen is making when she tells them its so the house looks nice for Todd and his new boyfriend. During this conversation Jason calls him the 'Queen' which is a stereotype that gay people act like queens and are feminine. Rosie is being a stereotypical dumb girl and saying silly things about how freaky it would be if they crossed on the motorway when Elieen pretends to be interested and shes not. This tells us that she wants to try with Rosie but she cant wait to get them out the house to then focus on Todd and his new boyfriend coming home for the first time. We can also see that she doesnt rate Rosie as much as Jewles because when Jason questions her about it she trys to act like its not true she does care about Rosie but she already knew her. This suggests that their mum has favourites in her family and she puts some in front of others in order of importance.

The first gay man we see is Sean. He appears on screen caring a massive teddy bear, this suggests he is cute cuddly and girly. One of the main stereotypes for a gay man. However he tells the man who gets off the coach with him that its for his son almost trying to hide the fact that he is gay because he has slept with a woman. Sean is comfortable in himself that he is gay but he still wants to live the life of any other man and be happy this shows in the fact he travels to see his son.

Moving on Todd and his boyfriend turn up to the house in a flash black mini. The car looks well looked after and so this connotes that they look after their appearance. The conversation in the car consists of Jewels asking Todd if they only own the one house. This and the clothes he is wearing tells us that he has been brought up with high standards in a wealthy family. This is the other stereotype that people have for a gay man. However in between these two stereotypes is Todd. He unlike the others look like any other ordinary man, with a reasonable dress sense. This tells us as a society that we judge people too quickly and that we can be very stereotypical. Statistics show that we can only spot 1 out of 7 gay men in a crowd. Those 6 men are gay but are just like any other ordinary man however that one that may be girly override this and fit in our stereotype.

(http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/dec/11/gayrights.immigrationpolicy) 3.6 million people in the UK are homosexual and yet we still stereotype them?